Saturday, November 2, 2024

American Soccer League Official Colors (1934 through 1983)

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A historical record of official team colors for all professional soccer clubs in the American Soccer League (1934-1983). All Hex/HTML, RGB and CMYK color code information is representative of current PANTONEĀ® color publications on coated paper stock and within the sRGB color space unless specifically noted. Estimated colors are indicated with asterisks (*).


HISTORICAL CLUB RECORDS
ALLENTOWN (1940)
CLUB COLORS
1940: unknown
BALTIMORE AMERICANS (1943 through 1948)
CLUB COLORS
1943 through 1948: unknown
BALTIMORE AMERICANS (1940 through 1942)
CLUB COLORS
1940 through 1942: unknown
BALTIMORE BAYS (1973)
CLUB COLORS
1973: unknown
BALTIMORE CANTON (1935 through 1936)
CLUB COLORS
1935 through 1936: unknown
BALTIMORE FLYERS (1967)
CLUB COLORS
1967: unknown
BALTIMORE GERMAN (1939)
CLUB COLORS
1939: unknown
BALTIMORE POMPEII (1958 through 1961)
CLUB COLORS
1958 through 1961: unknown
BALTIMORE ROCKETS (1954 through 1957)
CLUB COLORS
1954 through 1957: unknown
BALTIMORE S.C. (1944 through 1948)
CLUB COLORS
1944 through 1948: unknown
BALTIMORE S.C. (1937 through 1942)
CLUB COLORS
1937 through 1942: unknown
BALTIMORE ST. GERARDS (1968)
CLUB COLORS
1968: unknown
BALTIMORE STARS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
BETHLEHEM HUNGARIAN (1939)
CLUB COLORS
1939: unknown
BOCA JUNIORS (1964)
CLUB COLORS
1964: unknown
BOSTON ASTROS (1969 through 1974)
CLUB COLORS
1969 through 1974: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 293 C
* #003DA5
* R0 G61 B165
* C100 M76 Y0 K9
RED
* PANTONE 200 C
* #BA0C2F
* R186 G12 B47
* C0 M100 Y76 K13
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
BOSTON METROS (1964)
CLUB COLORS
1964: unknown
BOSTON TIGERS (1966 through 1968)
CLUB COLORS
1966 through 1968: unknown
BROOKHATTAN (1939 through 1957)
CLUB COLORS
1939 through 1957: unknown
BROOKHATTAN-GALICIA (1958 through 1959)
CLUB COLORS
1958 through 1959: unknown
BROOKLYN CELTIC (1934 through 1935)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1935: unknown
BROOKLYN F.C. (1934)
CLUB COLORS
1934: unknown
BROOKLYN GIANTS (1943)
CLUB COLORS
1943: unknown
BROOKLYN HAKOAH (1949 through 1956)
CLUB COLORS
1949 through 1956: unknown
BROOKLYN HISPANO (1944 through 1956)
CLUB COLORS
1944 through 1956: unknown
BROOKLYN HISPANO (1934 through 1942)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1942: unknown
BROOKLYN ITALIANS (1957 through 1961)
CLUB COLORS
1957 through 1961: unknown
BROOKLYN ST. MARY'S CELTIC (1936 through 1942)
CLUB COLORS
1936 through 1942: unknown
BROOKLYN WANDERERS (1943 through 1948)
CLUB COLORS
1943 through 1948: unknown
CALIFORNIA SUNSHINE (1977 through 1980)
CLUB COLORS
1977 through 1980: Orange, Blue, White
PRIMARY COLORS
ORANGE
* PANTONE 166 C
* #E35205
* R227 G82 B5
* C0 M76 Y100 K0
BLUE
* PANTONE 287 C
* #003087
* R0 G48 B135
* C100 M81 Y0 K23
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
CAROLINA LIGHTNIN' (1981 through 1983)
CLUB COLORS
1981 through 1983: Light Blue, Yellow, White
PRIMARY COLORS
LIGHT BLUE
* PANTONE Process Blue C
* #0085CA
* R0 G133 B202
* C100 M15 Y0 K6
YELLOW
* PANTONE 109 C
* #FFD100
* R255 G209 B0
* C0 M5 Y100 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
CHICAGO AMERICANS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
CHICAGO CATS (1975 through 1976)
CLUB COLORS
1975 through 1976: unknown
CINCINNATI COMETS (1972 through 1975)
CLUB COLORS
1972 through 1975: Red, Blue, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 185 C
* #E4002B
* R228 G0 B43
* C0 M100 Y89 K0
BLUE
* PANTONE 286 C
* #0032A0
* R0 G50 B160
* C100 M80 Y0 K12
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
CLEVELAND COBRAS (1974 through 1981)
CLUB COLORS
1974 through 1981: unknown
CLEVELAND STARS (1972 through 1973)
CLUB COLORS
1972 through 1973: unknown
COLOMBO (1960)
CLUB COLORS
1960: unknown
COLUMBUS MAGIC (1979 through 1980)
CLUB COLORS
1979 through 1980: Light Blue, Dark Blue, White
PRIMARY COLORS
LIGHT BLUE
* PANTONE 278 C
* #8BB8E8
* R139 G184 B232
* C43 M17 Y0 K0
DARK BLUE
* PANTONE 280 C
* #012169
* R1 G33 B105
* C100 M85 Y0 K39
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
CONNECTICUT WILDCATS (1973 through 1974)
CLUB COLORS
1973 through 1974: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY AND SUPPORTING COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 286 C
* #0032A0
* R0 G50 B160
* C100 M80 Y0 K12
RED
* PANTONE 485 C
* #DA291C
* R218 G41 B28
* C0 M95 Y100 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
Additional
CONNECTICUT YANKEES (1975 through 1978)
CLUB COLORS
1975 through 1978: Navy, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
NAVY
* PANTONE 289 C
* #0C2340
* R12 G35 B64
* C100 M66 Y0 K76
RED
* PANTONE 200 C
* #BA0C2F
* R186 G12 B47
* C0 M100 Y76 K13
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
DALLAS AMERICANS (1983)
CLUB COLORS
1983: Red, Blue, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 186 C
* #C8102E
* R200 G16 B46
* C0 M100 Y80 K5
BLUE
* PANTONE 286 C
* #0032A0
* R0 G50 B160
* C100 M80 Y0 K12
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
DELAWARE WINGS (1972 through 1974)
CLUB COLORS
1972 through 1974: unknown
DETROIT EXPRESS (1981 through 1983)
CLUB COLORS
1981 through 1983: Orange, Navy, White
PRIMARY COLORS
ORANGE
* PANTONE 172 C
* #FA4616
* R250 G70 B22
* C0 M80 Y98 K0
NAVY
* PANTONE 289 C
* #0C2340
* R12 G35 B64
* C100 M66 Y0 K76
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
DETROIT MUSTANGS (1973)
CLUB COLORS
1973: unknown
DETROIT S.C. (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
FALCONS S.C. (1960 through 1962)
CLUB COLORS
1960 through 1962: unknown
ELIZABETH FALCONS (1955 through 1959)
CLUB COLORS
1955 through 1959: unknown
FALCONS-WARSAW (1963 through 1964)
CLUB COLORS
1963 through 1964: unknown
FALL RIVER ASTROS (1968)
CLUB COLORS
1968: unknown
FALL RIVER S.C. (1958 through 1963)
CLUB COLORS
1958 through 1963: unknown
GALICIA (1960 through 1961)
CLUB COLORS
1960 through 1961: unknown
GALICIA-HONDURAS (1962)
CLUB COLORS
1962: unknown
GARY TIGERS (1973)
CLUB COLORS
1973: unknown
GEORGIA GENERALS (1982)
CLUB COLORS
1982: Red, Blue, Gold, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 185 C
* #E4002B
* R228 G0 B43
* C0 M100 Y89 K0
BLUE
* PANTONE 280 C
* #012169
* R1 G33 B105
* C100 M85 Y0 K39
GOLD
* PANTONE 137 C
* #FFA400
* R255 G164 B0
* C0 M36 Y100 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
GOLDEN BAY BUCCANEERS (1976)
CLUB COLORS
1976: unknown
GOLDEN GATE GALES (1980)
CLUB COLORS
1980: Orange, Black, White
PRIMARY COLORS
ORANGE
* PANTONE 165 C
* #FF6720
* R255 G103 B32
* C0 M68 Y96 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
HARTFORD KINGS (1967)
CLUB COLORS
1967: unknown
HARTFORD S.C. (1968)
CLUB COLORS
1968: unknown
HARTFORD S.C. (1965 through 1966)
CLUB COLORS
1965 through 1966: unknown
INDIANA TIGERS (1974)
CLUB COLORS
1974: unknown
INDIANAPOLIS DAREDEVILS (1978 through 1979)
CLUB COLORS
1978 through 1979: Red, Black, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 185 C
* #E4002B
* R228 G0 B43
* C0 M100 Y89 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
INTER S.C. (1965 through 1966)
CLUB COLORS
1965 through 1966: unknown
INTER S.C. (1963)
CLUB COLORS
1963: unknown
INTER S.C. (1961)
CLUB COLORS
1961: unknown
INTER-BROOKLYN ITALIANS (1962)
CLUB COLORS
1962: unknown
JACKSONVILLE TEA MEN (1983)
CLUB COLORS
1983: Red, Gold, Blue, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 199 C
* #D50032
* R213 G0 B50
* C0 M100 Y79 K0
GOLD
* PANTONE 137 C
* #FFA400
* R255 G164 B0
* C0 M36 Y100 K0
BLUE
* PANTONE 281 C
* #00205B
* R0 G32 B91
* C100 M78 Y0 K57
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
KEARNY AMERICANS (1942 through 1953)
CLUB COLORS
1942 through 1953: unknown
KEARNY CELTIC (1943 through 1951)
CLUB COLORS
1943 through 1951: unknown
KEARNY IRISH (1934 through 1942)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1942: unknown
KEARNY SCOTS (1934 through 1941)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1941: unknown
LAS VEGAS SEAGULLS (1979)
CLUB COLORS
1979: unknown
LOS ANGELES SKYHAWKS (1976 through 1979)
CLUB COLORS
1976 through 1979: Blue, Gold, Black, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 285 C
* #0072CE
* R0 G114 B206
* C90 M47 Y0 K0
GOLD
* PANTONE 123 C
* #FFC72C
* R255 G199 B44
* C0 M16 Y89 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
LUDLOW LUSITANO (1958)
CLUB COLORS
1958: unknown
LUDLOW LUSITANO (1956)
CLUB COLORS
1956: unknown
LUDLOW S.C. (1957)
CLUB COLORS
1957: unknown
MIAMI AMERICANS (1980)
CLUB COLORS
1980: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 293 C
* #003DA5
* R0 G61 B165
* C100 M76 Y0 K9
RED
* PANTONE 200 C
* #BA0C2F
* R186 G12 B47
* C0 M100 Y76 K13
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NASHVILLE DIAMONDS (1982)
CLUB COLORS
1982: unknown
NEW BRUNSWICK HUNGARIAN (1968)
CLUB COLORS
1968: unknown
NEW BRUNSWICK HUNGARIAN AMERICANS (1964 through 1967)
CLUB COLORS
1964 through 1967: unknown
NEW ENGLAND OCEANEERS (1977)
CLUB COLORS
1977: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE Reflex Blue C
* #001489
* R0 G20 B137
* C100 M87 Y0 K20
RED
* PANTONE Warm Red C
* #F9423A
* R249 G66 B58
* C0 M83 Y81 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEW ENGLAND SHARKS (1981)
CLUB COLORS
1981: unknown
NEW JERSEY AMERICANS (1976 through 1979)
CLUB COLORS
1976 through 1979: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
PANTONE 293 C
#003DA5
R0 G61 B165
C100 M76 Y0 K9
RED
PANTONE 200 C
#BA0C2F
R186 G12 B47
C0 M100 Y76 K13
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEW JERSEY BREWERS (1973 through 1975)
CLUB COLORS
1973 through 1975: unknown
NEW JERSEY SCHAEFER BREWERS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
NEW YORK AMERICANS (1934 through 1956)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1956: unknown
NEW YORK APOLLO (1973 through 1979)
CLUB COLORS
1973 through 1979: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
PANTONE 286 C
#0032A0
R0 G50 B160
C100 M80 Y0 K12
RED
PANTONE Warm Red C
#F9423A
R249 G66 B58
C0 M83 Y81 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEW YORK BROOKHATTAN (1934 through 1938)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1938: unknown
NEW YORK EAGLES (1981)
CLUB COLORS
1981: Black, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
RED
PANTONE Warm Red C
#F9423A
R249 G66 B58
C0 M83 Y81 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEW YORK EAGLES (1978 through 1979)
CLUB COLORS
1978 through 1979: Black, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
RED
PANTONE Warm Red C
#F9423A
R249 G66 B58
C0 M83 Y81 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEW YORK GREEKS (1971 through 1972)
CLUB COLORS
1971 through 1972: unknown
NEW YORK HAKOAH (1957 through 1962)
CLUB COLORS
1957 through 1962: unknown
NEW YORK HAKOAH-AMERICANS (1963 through 1964)
CLUB COLORS
1963 through 1964: unknown
NEW YORK INTER (1967 through 1969)
CLUB COLORS
1967 through 1969: unknown
NEW YORK UNITED (1980 through 1981)
CLUB COLORS
1980 through 1981: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 286 C
* #0032A0
* R0 G50 B160
* C100 M80 Y0 K12
RED
* PANTONE Warm Red C
* #F9423A
* R249 G66 B58
* C0 M83 Y81 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
NEWARK FALCONS (1966 through 1967)
CLUB COLORS
1965 through 1967: unknown
NEWARK GERMANS (1934 through 1936)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1936: unknown
NEWARK PORTUGUESE (1965 through 1968)
CLUB COLORS
1965 through 1968: unknown
NEWARK PORTUGUESE (1952 through 1963)
CLUB COLORS
1952 through 1963: unknown
NEWARK UKRAINIAN SITCH (1966 through 1970)
CLUB COLORS
1966 through 1970: unknown
NEWARK UKRAINIAN SITCH (1963 through 1964)
CLUB COLORS
1963 through 1964: unknown
NORTHEAST UNITED (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
OAKLAND BUCCANEERS (1976)
CLUB COLORS
1976: Green, Gold, White
PRIMARY COLORS
GREEN
* PANTONE 349 C
* #046A38
* R4 G106 B56
* C85 M3 Y91 K44
GOLD
* PANTONE 123 C
* #FFC72C
* R255 G199 B44
* C0 M16 Y89 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
OKLAHOMA CITY SLICKERS (1982 through 1983)
CLUB COLORS
1982 through 1983: unknown
OLIMPIA (1966 through 1967)
CLUB COLORS
1966 through 1967: unknown
PATERSON CALEDONIAN (1937 through 1938)
CLUB COLORS
1937 through 1938: unknown
PATERSON F.C. (1940 through 1941)
CLUB COLORS
1940 through 1941: unknown
PENNSYLVANIA STONERS (1979 through 1983)
CLUB COLORS
1979 through 1983: unknown
PHILADELPHIA (1939)
CLUB COLORS
1939: unknown
PHILADELPHIA AMERICANS (1942 through 1954)
CLUB COLORS
1942 through 1954: unknown
PHILADELPHIA GERMAN-AMERICANS (1934 through 1941)
CLUB COLORS
1934 through 1941: unknown
PHILADELPHIA NATIONALS (1942 through 1954)
CLUB COLORS
1942 through 1954: unknown
PHILADELPHIA PASSON (1940 through 1941)
CLUB COLORS
1940 through 1941: unknown
PASSON PHILLIES (1937 through 1938)
CLUB COLORS
1937 through 1938: unknown
PHILADELPHIA SPARTANS (1969 through 1972)
CLUB COLORS
1969 through 1972: unknown
UKRAINIAN NATIONALS (1958 through 1968)
CLUB COLORS
1958 through 1968: unknown
PHILADELPHIA UKRAINIANS (1973)
CLUB COLORS
1973: unknown
PHILADELPHIA UKRAINIANS (1969 through 1970)
CLUB COLORS
1969 through 1970: unknown
PITTSBURGH CANNONS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
PITTSBURGH MINERS (1975)
CLUB COLORS
1975: unknown
PONTA DELGADA S.C. (1951 through 1953)
CLUB COLORS
1951 through 1953: unknown
RHODE ISLAND OCEANEERS (1974 through 1976)
CLUB COLORS
1974 through 1976: Blue, Gold, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE Reflex Blue C
* #001489
* R0 G20 B137
* C100 M87 Y0 K20
GOLD
* PANTONE 109 C
* #FFD100
* R255 G209 B0
* C0 M5 Y100 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
ROCHESTER FLASH (1981 through 1982)
CLUB COLORS
1981 through 1982: Red, Black, White
PRIMARY COLORS
RED
* PANTONE 485 C
* #DA291C
* R218 G41 B28
* C0 M95 Y100 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
ROCHESTER LANCERS (1968 through 1969)
CLUB COLORS
1968 through 1969: unknown
ROMA S.C. (1965 through 1968)
CLUB COLORS
1965 through 1968: unknown
SACRAMENTO GOLD (1978 through 1980)
CLUB COLORS
1978 through 1980: unknown
SACRAMENTO SPIRITS (1976 through 1977)
CLUB COLORS
1976 through 1977: unknown
ST. LOUIS FROGS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
ST. LOUIS MULES (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
SANTA BARBARA CONDORS (1977)
CLUB COLORS
1977: unknown
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LAZERS (1978)
CLUB COLORS
1978: Black, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
RED
PANTONE 185 C
#E4002B
R228 G0 B43
C0 M100 Y89 K0
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
SYRACUSE SCORPIONS (1969 through 1970)
CLUB COLORS
1969 through 1970: unknown
SYRACUSE SUNS (1973 through 1974)
CLUB COLORS
1973 through 1974: unknown
SYRACUSE SUNS (1971)
CLUB COLORS
1971: unknown
TACOMA TIDES (1976)
CLUB COLORS
1976: Blue, Red, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 293 C
* #003DA5
* R0 G61 B165
* C100 M76 Y0 K9
RED
* PANTONE 200 C
* #BA0C2F
* R186 G12 B47
* C0 M100 Y76 K13
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0
TRENTON AMERICANS (1954 through 1955)
CLUB COLORS
1954 through 1955: unknown
TRENTON AMERICANS (1950 through 1951)
CLUB COLORS
1950 through 1951: unknown
TRENTON ATHLETICS (1949)
CLUB COLORS
1949: unknown
TRENTON HIGHLANDERS (1939)
CLUB COLORS
1939: unknown
UHRICK TRUCKERS (1954 through 1965)
CLUB COLORS
1954 through 1965: unknown
UTAH GOLDEN SPIKERS (1976)
CLUB COLORS
1976: unknown
UTAH PIONEERS (1976)
CLUB COLORS
1976: unknown
VIRGINIA CAPITOL CAVALIERS (1971)
CLUB COLORS
1971: unknown
WASHINGTON BRITANNICA (1968)
CLUB COLORS
1968: unknown
WASHINGTON CAVALIERS (1972)
CLUB COLORS
1972: unknown
WASHINGTON DARTS (1968 through 1969)
CLUB COLORS
1968 through 1969: unknown
WORCESTER ASTROS (1975)
CLUB COLORS
1975: unknown

LEAGUE RECORDS
AMERICAN SOCCER LEAGUE (1934 through 1983)
OFFICIAL COLORS
1934 through 1983: Blue, Red, Black, White
PRIMARY COLORS
BLUE
* PANTONE 287 C
* #003087
* R0 G48 B135
* C100 M81 Y0 K23
RED
* PANTONE 485 C
* #DA291C
* R218 G41 B28
* C0 M95 Y100 K0
BLACK
Black C
#010101
R1 G1 B1
C0 M0 Y0 K100
WHITE
White
#FFFFFF
R255 G255 B255
C0 M0 Y0 K0

– indicates NEW records for the current season
* – indicates estimated values
+ – indicates derived values


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TruColor
As well as being the founder of TruColor (formerly ColorWerx and The Society for Sports Uniforms Research), I am also a database developer and run a software development and consulting business with my wife Amy. The company is called Ethx. I have been interested in logos and uniforms since the early '70s, and am especially interested in team colors, including color science. I have also been a professional musician for 40+ years as well, and received a Bachelor's degree in Music (jazz studies - performance and arranging emphasis) from North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) in 1985.